1932

Abstract

The structure and governance of global supply chains not only shape social and environmental outcomes for both countries and firms, but also affect the quality of life at the local level, for those who live and work at each site of production. Existing literature on supply chain governance focuses on the transnational firm and has yielded a wide range of theoretical and empirical findings about firm- and nation-level outcomes. However, we know less about the drivers of variation in more localized social and environmental outcomes across production sites, which may result from local, national, and global actors and institutions that may interact. I provide a brief overview of the dominant literature on supply chain governance, highlighting the tendency to take an actor-centric approach. I then identify opportunities to study local social and environmental consequences of networked production using a more explicitly multi-actor and multi-level approach that can allow us to identify potential trade-offs, double wins, or spillovers between social and environmental outcomes.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-111543
2023-06-15
2024-04-27
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/polisci/26/1/annurev-polisci-051120-111543.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-111543&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Acquier A, Valiorgue B, Daudigeos T. 2017. Sharing the shared value: a transaction cost perspective on strategic CSR policies in global value chains. J. Bus. Ethics 144:1139–52
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Alford M, Phillips N. 2018. The political economy of state governance in global production networks: change, crisis and contestation in the South African fruit sector. Rev. Int. Political Econ. 25:198–121
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Aligica PD, Tarko V. 2013. Co-production, polycentricity, and value heterogeneity: the Ostroms’ public choice institutionalism revisited. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 107:04726–41
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Altenburg T. 2006. Governance patterns in value chains and their development impact. Eur. J. Dev. Res. 18:4498–521
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Amengual M, Bartley T. 2022. Global markets, corporate assurances, and the legitimacy of state intervention: perceptions of distant labor and environmental problems. Am. Sociol. Rev. 87:3383–414
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Amengual M, Chirot L. 2016. Reinforcing the state: transnational and state labor regulation in Indonesia. ILR Rev. 69:51056–80
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Amengual M, Distelhorst G, Tobin D. 2020. Global purchasing as labor regulation: the missing middle. ILR Rev. 73:4817–40
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Anner M. 2012. Corporate social responsibility and freedom of association rights: the precarious quest for legitimacy and control in global supply chains. Politics Soc. 40:4609–44
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Aragòn-Correa JA, Marcus AA, Vogel D. 2020. The effects of mandatory and voluntary regulatory pressures on firms’ environmental strategies: a review and recommendations for future research. Acad. Manag. Ann. 14:1339–65
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Aßländer MS, Roloff J, Nayır DZ. 2016. Suppliers as stewards? Managing social standards in first- and second-tier suppliers. J. Bus. Ethics 139:4661–83
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bair J. 2019. Dialectics of dissociation. Dialogues Hum. Geogr. 9:168–72
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bair J, Gereffi G. 2018. Local clusters in global chains: the causes and consequences of export dynamism in Torreon's blue jeans industry. See Gereffi 2018 176–204
  13. Bair J, Mahutga M 2012. Varieties of offshoring? Spatial fragmentation and the organization of production in twenty-first century capitalism. Capitalisms and Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century G Morgan, R Whitley 270–98. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Barrientos S, Knorringa P, Evers B, Visser M, Opondo M. 2016. Shifting regional dynamics of global value chains: implications for economic and social upgrading in African horticulture. Environ. Plan. Econ. Space 48:71266–83
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Barrientos S, Smith S. 2007. Do workers benefit from ethical trade? Assessing codes of labour practice in global production systems. Third World Q. 28:4713–29
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Bartley T. 2018. Rules Without Rights: Land, Labor, and Private Authority in the Global Economy Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  17. Bartley T, Egels-Zandén N. 2015. Responsibility and neglect in global production networks: the uneven significance of codes of conduct in Indonesian factories. Glob. Netw. 15:s1S21–44
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Bell M, Pavitt K. 1992. Accumulating technological capability in developing countries. World Bank Econ. Rev. 6:Suppl. 1257–81
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Berliner D, Greenleaf A, Lake M, Levi M, Noveck J. 2015a. Governing global supply chains: what we know (and don't) about improving labor rights and working conditions. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 11:193–209
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Berliner D, Greenleaf A, Lake M, Levi M, Noveck J. 2015b. Labor Standards in International Supply Chains: Aligning Rights and Incentives Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar
  21. Berliner D, Prakash A. 2013. Signaling environmental stewardship in the shadow of weak governance: the global diffusion of ISO 14001. Law Soc. Rev. 47:2345–73
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Berliner D, Prakash A. 2014. Public authority and private rules: how domestic regulatory institutions shape the adoption of global private regimes. Int. Stud. Q. 58:4793–803
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Blanchard EJ, Bown CP, Johnson RC. 2016. Global supply chains and trade policy NBER Work. Pap. 21883
  24. Brammer S, Hoejmose S, Millington A. 2011. Managing sustainable global supply chains: framework and best practices Rep., Network for Business Sustainability Univ. Western Ontario London, Ont:.
  25. Christmann P. 2004. Multinational companies and the natural environment: determinants of global environmental policy standardization. Acad. Manag. J. 47:5747–60
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Clapp J. 2015. Distant agricultural landscapes. Sustain. Sci. 10:2305–16
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Coe NM. 2014. Missing links: logistics, governance and upgrading in a shifting global economy. Rev. Int. Political Econ. 21:1224–56
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Coe NM, Dicken P, Hess M. 2008. Global production networks: realizing the potential. J. Econ. Geogr. 8:3271–95
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Coe NM, Yeung HW-C. 2015. Global Production Networks: Theorizing Economic Development in an Interconnected World Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  30. Cory J, Lerner M, Osgood I 2021. Supply chain linkages and the extended carbon coalition. Am. J. Political Sci. 65:169–87
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Dahlman CJ, Nelson R. 1995. Social absorption capability, national innovation systems and economic development. Social Capability and Long-Term Economic Growth82–122. London: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Dallas MP, Horner R, Li L. 2021. The mutual constraints of states and global value chains during COVID-19: the case of personal protective equipment. World Dev. 139:105324
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Dallas MP, Ponte S, Sturgeon TJ. 2019. Power in global value chains. Rev. Int. Political Econ. 26:4666–94
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Darnall N, Henriques I, Sadorsky P. 2010. Adopting proactive environmental strategy: the influence of stakeholders and firm size. J. Manag. Stud. 47:61072–94
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Dasgupta S, Hettige H, Wheeler D. 2000. What improves environmental performance? Evidence from Mexican industry. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 39:139–66
    [Google Scholar]
  36. De Marchi V, Di Maria E, Krishnan A, Ponte S, Barrientos S. 2019. Environmental upgrading in global value chains. See Ponte et al. 2019 310–23
  37. Distelhorst G, Locke RM. 2018. Does compliance pay? Social standards and firm-level trade. Am. J. Political Sci. 62:3695–711
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Elliott M, Golub B, Leduc MV. 2023. Supply network formation and fragility. Am. Econ. Rev. 112:82701–47
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Engels B, Dietz K, eds. 2017. Contested Extractivism, Society and the State London: Palgrave Macmillan
  40. Evans A. 2020. Overcoming the global despondency trap: strengthening corporate accountability in supply chains. Rev. Int. Political Econ. 27:3658–85
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Evans A. 2021. Export incentives, domestic mobilization, and labor reforms. Rev. Int. Political Econ. 28:51332–61
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Evenson RE, Westphal LE 1995. Technological change and technology strategy. Handbook of Developmental Economics, Vol. 3 J Behrman, TN Srinivasan 2209–99. Amsterdam: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Farrell H, Newman AL. 2019. Weaponized interdependence: how global economic networks shape state coercion. Int. Secur. 44:142–79
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Foerstl K, Azadegan A, Leppelt T, Hartmann E. 2015. Drivers of supplier sustainability: moving beyond compliance to commitment. J. Supply Chain Manag. 51:167–92
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Fontana E. 2017. Strategic CSR: a panacea for profit and altruism? An empirical study among executives in the Bangladeshi RMG supply chain. Eur. Bus. Rev. 29:3304–19
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Fontana E, Egels-Zandén N. 2019. Non sibi, sed omnibus: influence of supplier collective behaviour on corporate social responsibility in the Bangladeshi apparel supply chain. J. Bus. Ethics 159:41047–64
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Fransen L. 2013. The embeddedness of responsible business practice: exploring the interaction between national-institutional environments and corporate social responsibility. J. Bus. Ethics 115:2213–27
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Gereffi G. 1994. The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains: how U.S. retailers shape overseas production networks. See Gereffi & Korzeniewicz 1994 95–122
  49. Gereffi G. 2018. Global Value Chains and Development: Redefining the Contours of 21st Century Capitalism Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  50. Gereffi G, Humphrey J, Sturgeon T. 2005. The governance of global value chains. Rev. Int. Political Econ. 12:178–104
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Gereffi G, Kaplinsky R. 2001. Introduction: globalisation, value chains and development. IDS Bull. 32:31–8
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Gereffi G, Korzeniewicz M. 1994. Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism Westport, CT: Prager
  53. Gereffi G, Lee J. 2016. Economic and social upgrading in global value chains and industrial clusters: why governance matters. J. Bus. Ethics 133:125–38
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Giuliani E, Pietrobelli C, Rabellotti R. 2005. Upgrading in global value chains: lessons from Latin American clusters. World Dev. 33:4549–73
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Golini R, De Marchi V, Boffelli A, Kalchschmidt M. 2018. Which governance structures drive economic, environmental, and social upgrading? A quantitative analysis in the assembly industries. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 203:13–23
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Gong NZ, Talwalkar A, Mackey L, Huang L, Shin ECR et al. 2014. Joint link prediction and attribute inference using a social-attribute network. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. 5:227
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Gorgoni S, Amighini A, Smith M. 2018. Automotive international trade networks: a comparative analysis over the last two decades. Netw. Sci. 6:4571–606
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Grabs J. 2020. Assessing the institutionalization of private sustainability governance in a changing coffee sector. Regul. Gov. 14:2362–87
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Grabs J, Ponte S. 2019. The evolution of power in the global coffee value chain and production network. J. Econ. Geogr. 19:4803–28
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Greenhill B, Mosley L, Prakash A. 2009. Trade-based diffusion of labor rights: a panel study, 1986–2002. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 103:4669–90
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Hall BH, Helmers C. 2010. The role of patent protection in (clean/green) technology transfer NBER Work. Pap. 16323
  62. Henderson J, Dicken P, Hess M, Coe N, Yeung HW-C. 2002. Global production networks and the analysis of economic development. Rev. Int. Political Econ. 9:3436–64
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Hess M. 2008. Governance, value chains and networks: an afterword. Econ. Soc. 37:3452–59
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Hoejmose SU, Roehrich JK, Grosvold J. 2014. Is doing more doing better? The relationship between responsible supply chain management and corporate reputation. Ind. Mark. Manag. 43:177–90
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Horner R. 2017. Beyond facilitator? State roles in global value chains and global production networks. Geogr. Compass 11:2e12307
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Horner R, Nadvi K. 2018. Global value chains and the rise of the global south: unpacking twenty-first century polycentric trade. Global Netw. 18:2207–37
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Humphrey J, Schmitz H. 2000. Governance and upgrading: linking industrial cluster and global value chain research IDS Work. Pap. 120 Inst. Dev. Stud., Brighton, UK https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/3466/Wp120.pdf
  68. Huq FA, Stevenson M, Zorzini M. 2014. Social sustainability in developing country suppliers: an exploratory study in the ready made garments industry of Bangladesh. Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag. 34:5610–38
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Jayasinghe M. 2016. The operational and signaling benefits of voluntary labor code adoption: reconceptualizing the scope of human resource management in emerging economies. Acad. Manag. J. 59:2658–77
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Johns L, Wellhausen RL. 2016. Under one roof: supply chains and the protection of foreign investment. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 110:131–51
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Kaplinsky R. 2000. Globalisation and unequalisation: What can be learned from value chain analysis?. J. Dev. Stud. 37:2117–46
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Kaplinsky R. 2001. Globalisation and economic insecurity. IDS Bull. 32:213–24
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Katz JM 1987. Domestic technology generation in LDCs: a review of research findings. Technology Generation in Latin American Manufacturing Industries JM Katz 13–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Kerrissey J, Shuhrke J. 2016. Life chances: labor rights, international institutions, and worker fatalities in the Global South. Social Forces 951:191–216
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Kim IS, Milner HV, Bernauer T, Osgood I, Spilker G, Tingley D. 2019. Firms and global value chains: identifying firms’ multidimensional trade preferences. Int. Stud. Q. 63:1153–67
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Kock CJ, Santaló J, Diestre L. 2012. Corporate governance and the environment: What type of governance creates greener companies?. J. Manag. Stud. 49:3492–514
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Koenig-Archibugi M. 2017. Does transnational private governance reduce or displace labor abuses? Addressing sorting dynamics across global supply chains. Regul. Gov. 11:4343–52
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Kolk A. 2000. Economics of Environmental Management Harlow, UK: Financ. Times Prentice Hall
  79. Koskinen J, Lomi A. 2013. The local structure of globalization. J. Stat. Phys. 151:523–48
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Krugman P, Venebles A. 1995. Globalization and the inequality of nations. Q. J. Econ. 110:4857–80
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Kucera D. 2001. The effects of core workers rights on labour costs and foreign direct investment: evaluating the “conventional wisdom.” IILS Disc. Pap. 130 Int. Inst. Labour Stud. Geneva, Switz:.
  82. Lall S. 1987. Learning to Industrialize: The Acquisition of Technological Capability by India London: Palgrave Macmillan
  83. Lall S. 1992. Technological capabilities and industrialization. World Dev. 20:2165–86
    [Google Scholar]
  84. LeBaron G, Rühmkorf A. 2019. The domestic politics of corporate accountability legislation: struggles over the 2015 UK Modern Slavery Act. Socio-Econ. Rev. 17:3709–43
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Locke RM. 2013. The Promise and Limits of Private Power: Promoting Labor Standards in a Global Economy Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  86. Locke RM, Amengual M, Mangla A. 2009. Virtue out of necessity? Compliance, commitment, and the improvement of labor conditions in global supply chains. Politics Soc. 37:3319–51
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Lund-Thomsen P, Lindgreen A. 2014. Corporate social responsibility in global value chains: Where are we now and where are we going?. J. Bus. Ethics 123:111–22
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Lund-Thomsen P, Nadvi K. 2010. Clusters, chains and compliance: corporate social responsibility and governance in football manufacturing in South Asia. J. Bus. Ethics 93:S2201–22
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Mahutga MC. 2014. Global models of networked organization, the positional power of nations and economic development. Rev. Int. Political Econ. 21:1157–94
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Malesky EJ, Mosley L. 2018. Chains of love? Global production and the firm-level diffusion of labor standards. Am. J. Political Sci. 62:3712–28
    [Google Scholar]
  91. March JG, Olsen JP 2006. The logic of appropriateness. The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy M Rein, M Moran, RE Goodin 689–708. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Marques JC, Eberlein B. 2021. Grounding transnational business governance: a political-strategic perspective on government responses in the Global South. Regul. Gov. 15:41209–29
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Mayer FW, Gereffi G. 2010. Regulation and economic globalization: prospects and limits of private governance. Bus. Politics 12:31–25
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Mayer FW, Phillips N. 2017. Outsourcing governance: states and the politics of a “global value chain world.”. New Political Econ. 22:2134–52
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Mayer FW, Phillips N, Posthuma AC. 2017. The political economy of governance in a “global value chain world.”. New Political Econ. 22:2129–33
    [Google Scholar]
  96. McCubbins MD, Schwartz T. 1984. Congressional oversight overlooked: police patrols versus fire alarms. Am. J. Political Sci. 28:1165–79
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Meckling J, Hughes L. 2017. Globalizing solar: global supply chains and trade preferences. Int. Stud. Q. 61:2225–35
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Mosley L. 2010. Labor Rights and Multinational Production Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  99. Mosley L. 2017. Workers’ rights in global value chains: possibilities for protection and for peril. New Political Econ 22:2153–68
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Mosley L, Uno S. 2007. Racing to the bottom or climbing to the top? Economic globalization and collective labor rights. Comp. Political Stud. 40:8923–48
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Nadvi K. 2008. Global standards, global governance and the organization of global value chains. J. Econ. Geogr. 8:3323–43
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Nair A, Narasimhan R, Choi TY. 2009. Supply networks as a complex adaptive system: toward simulation-based theory building on evolutionary decision making. Decis. Sci. 40:4783–815
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Neilson J. 2019. Livelihood upgrading. See Ponte et al. 2019 296–309
  104. Neumayer E, de Soysa I. 2006. Globalization and the right to free association and collective bargaining: an empirical analysis. World Dev. 34:131–49
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Ning L, Wang F. 2018. Does FDI bring environmental knowledge spillovers to developing countries? The role of the local industrial structure. Environ. Resour. Econ. 71:2381–405
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Oatley T, Winecoff WK, Pennock A, Danzman SB. 2013. The political economy of global finance: a network model. Perspect. Politics 11:1133–53
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Oka C. 2010. Accounting for the gaps in labour standard compliance: the role of reputation-conscious buyers in the Cambodian garment industry. Eur. J. Dev. Res. 22:159–78
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Oka C. 2016. Improving working conditions in garment supply chains: the role of unions in Cambodia. Br. J. Ind. Relat. 54:3647–72
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Oka C. 2018. Brands as labour rights advocates? Potential and limits of brand advocacy in global supply chains. Bus. Ethics Eur. Rev. 27:295–107
    [Google Scholar]
  110. O'Rourke D. 2003. Outsourcing regulation: analyzing nongovernmental systems of labor standards and monitoring. Policy Stud. J. 31:11–29
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Osgood I. 2018. Globalizing the supply chain: firm and industrial support for US trade agreements. Int. Organ. 72:2455–84
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Ostrom E. 2010. Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems. Am. Econ. Rev. 100:3641–72
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Pack H, Westphal LE. 1986. Industrial strategy and technological change: theory versus reality. J. Dev. Econ. 22:187–128
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Pagell M, Wu Z. 2009. Building a more complete theory of sustainable supply chain management using case studies of 10 exemplars. J. Supply Chain Manag. 45:237–56
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Pasquali G, Krishnan A, Alford M 2021. Multichain strategies and economic upgrading in global value chains: evidence from Kenyan horticulture. World Dev. 146:105598
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Perez-Batres LA, Doh JP, Miller VV, Pisani MJ. 2012. Stakeholder pressures as determinants of CSR strategic choice: Why do firms choose symbolic versus substantive self-regulatory codes of conduct?. J. Bus. Ethics 110:2157–72
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Pietrobelli C. 1997. On the theory of technological capabilities and developing countries’ dynamic comparative advantage in manufactures. Riv. Int. Sci. Econ. Commer. 44:313–38
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Pietrobelli C, Rabellotti R. 2007. Business development service centres in Italy: close to firms, far from innovation. World Rev. Sci. Technol. Sustain. Dev. 4:138–55
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Ponte S. 2008. Greener than thou: the political economy of fish ecolabeling and its local manifestations in South Africa. World Dev. 36:1159–75
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Ponte S, Gereffi G, Raj-Reichert G. 2019. Handbook on Global Value Chains Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar
  121. Ponte S, Gibbon P. 2005. Quality standards, conventions and the governance of global value chains. Econ. Soc. 34:11–31
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Porter ME. 1985. Technology and competitive advantage. J. Bus. Strategy 5:360–78
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Potoski M, Prakash A. 2004. Regulatory convergence in nongovernmental regimes? Cross-national adoption of ISO 14001 certifications. J. Politics 66:3885–905
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Potoski M, Prakash A. 2005. Green clubs and voluntary governance: ISO 14001 and firms’ regulatory compliance. Am. J. Political Sci. 49:2235–48
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Prakash A, Potoski M. 2006. Racing to the bottom? Trade, environmental governance, and ISO 14001. Am. J. Political Sci. 50:2350–64
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Prakash A, Potoski M. 2007. Investing up: FDI and the cross-country diffusion of ISO 14001 management systems. Int. Stud. Q. 51:3723–44
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Prakash A, Potoski M. 2014. Global private regimes, domestic public law: ISO 14001 and pollution reduction. Comp. Political Stud. 47:3369–94
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Rahim MM. 2017. Improving social responsibility in RMG industries through a new governance approach in laws. J. Bus. Ethics 143:4807–26
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Rai V, Schultz K, Funkhouser E. 2014. International low carbon technology transfer: Do intellectual property regimes matter?. Glob. Environ. Chang. 24:60–74
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Reid EM, Toffel MW. 2009. Responding to public and private politics: corporate disclosure of climate change strategies. Strateg. Manag. J. 30:111157–78
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Riisgaard L. 2011. Towards more stringent sustainability standards? Trends in the cut flower industry. Rev. Afr. Political Econ. 38:129435–53
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Roberts S. 2003. Supply chain specific? Understanding the patchy success of ethical sourcing initiatives. J. Bus. Ethics 44:2159–70
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Ruggie JG. 2018. Multinationals as global institution: power, authority and relative autonomy. Regul. Gov. 12:3317–33
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Satz D. 2010. Why Some Things Should Not Be for Sale: The Moral Limits of Markets New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  135. Scoones I. 2009. Livelihoods perspectives and rural development. J. Peasant Stud. 36:1171–96
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Sgrignoli P, Metulini R, Riccaboni M, Zhu Z. 2017. The indirect effects of foreign direct investment on trade: a network perspective. World Econ. 40:102193–2225
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Smith A. 2015. The state, institutional frameworks and the dynamics of capital in global production networks. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 39:3290–315
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Smith DA, White DR. 1992. Structure and dynamics of the global economy: network analysis of international trade 1965–1980. Soc. Forces 70:4857–93
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Smith M, Gorgoni S, Cronin B. 2019. International production and trade in a high-tech industry: a multilevel network analysis. Soc. Netw. 59:50–60
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Smith M, Sarabi Y. 2022. How does the behaviour of the core differ from the periphery? An international trade network analysis. Soc. Netw. 70:1–15
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Soundararajan V, Brown JA. 2016. Voluntary governance mechanisms in global supply chains: beyond CSR to a stakeholder utility perspective. J. Bus. Ethics 134:183–102
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Steinberg J. 2019. Mines, Communities, and States: The Local Politics of Natural Resource Extraction in Africa Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  143. Steinberg J. 2021. The energy politics of corporate social responsibility. The Oxford Handbook of Energy Politics KJ Hancock, JE Allison 233–47. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Sturgeon T, Van Biesebroeck J, Gereffi G. 2008. Value chains, networks and clusters: reframing the global automotive industry. J. Econ. Geogr. 8:3297–321
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Sunley P. 2008. Relational economic geography: a partial understanding or a new paradigm?. Econ. Geogr. 84:11–26
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Surana A, Kumara S, Greaves M, Raghavan UN. 2005. Supply-chain networks: a complex adaptive systems perspective. Int. J. Prod. Res. 43:204235–65
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Testa F, Boiral O, Iraldo F. 2018. Internalization of environmental practices and institutional complexity: Can stakeholders pressures encourage greenwashing?. J. Bus. Ethics 147:2287–307
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Timmer MP, Dietzenbacher E, Los B, Stehrer R, de Vries GJ. 2015. An illustrated user guide to the World Input-Output Database: the case of global automotive production. Rev. Int. Econ. 23:3575–605
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Toffel MW, Short JL, Ouellet M. 2015. Codes in context: how states, markets, and civil society shape adherence to global labor standards. Regul. Gov. 9:3205–23
    [Google Scholar]
  150. UNCTAD (United Nations Conf. Trade Dev.), ed. 2013. Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development New York: United Nations
  151. Vadlamannati KC. 2015. Rewards of (dis)integration: economic, social, and political globalization and freedom of association and collective bargaining rights of workers in developing countries. ILR Rev. 68:13–27
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Vurro C, Russo A, Perrini F. 2009. Shaping sustainable value chains: network determinants of supply chain governance models. J. Bus. Ethics 90:4607–21
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Wang P, Robins G, Pattison P, Lazega E. 2013. Exponential random graph models for multilevel networks. Soc. Netw. 35:196–115
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Weigelt C, Shittu E. 2016. Competition, regulatory policy, and firms’ resource investments: the case of renewable energy technologies. Acad. Manag. J. 59:2678–704
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Wenar L. 2015. Blood Oil: Tyrants, Violence, and the Rules That Run the World New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  156. Werner M. 2021. Geographies of production II: thinking through the state. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 45:1178–89
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Winecoff WK. 2015. Structural power and the global financial crisis: a network analytical approach. Bus. Politics 17:3495–525
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Winecoff WK. 2020. “The persistent myth of lost hegemony,” revisited: structural power as a complex network phenomenon. Eur. J. Int. Relat. 26:1 Suppl.209–52
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Yeung G. 2016. The operation of global production networks (GPNs) 2.0 and methodological constraints. Geoforum 75:265–69
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Zhang L. 2021. A “race to the bottom” or variegated work regimes? Industrial relocation, the changing migrant labor regime, and worker agency in China's electronics industry. Rev. Int. Political Econ. 30:1359–83
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Zhou M, Wu G, Xu H. 2016. Structure and formation of top networks in international trade 2001–2010. Soc. Netw. 44:9–21
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-111543
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error